Possible causes include:
· Solder temperature is too low
· Solder is contaminated
· Solder wave is uneven
· Preheat temperature is too high/low
· Flux is contaminated or its specific gravity is too low
· Fluxer is set incorrectly
· Conveyor speed is too high or the angle is too small
· Board or components have poor solderability
· Insufficient flux activity
Bridging / icicles
Possible causes are:
· Solder temperature is too low
· Solder wave is too high or uneven
· Solder is contaminated
· Preheat temperature is set incorrectly (too high/low)
· Flux is contaminated or its specific gravity is too low
· Fluxer is set incorrectly
· Conveyor speed is too high or the angle is too small
· Poor solderability of board or components
· Component leads are too long
· Excessive solder deposition
· Insufficient flux activity
Solder balls
Possible causes are:
· Preheat temperature is set incorrectly (too high/low)
· Solder temperature is too high
· Solder wave is too high or uneven
· Flux is contaminated or its specific gravity is too low
· Excessive flux
· Conveyor speed is too high
· Poor solder mask - ineffective curing
Skips
Possible causes are:
· Solder wave is too low or uneven
· Preheat is too high
· Flux is contaminated or its specific gravity is too high
· Flux is not making contact, i.e. fluxer set too low or uneven
· Excessive flux blow-off
· Conveyor speed is too high
· Shadowing of components – use dual wave
Cosmetic Appearance
Possible causes are:
· Excess flux deposition
· Preheat temperature is too low
· Contact time in solder wave is too low
· Cleaning process is ineffective
· Too much time elapsed before cleaning
· Poor solder mask - ineffective curing
Electrochemical migration and reduced SIR values
Possible causes are:
· Chloride or other ionic residue on the bare board and/or components
· Hygroscopic residue on the bare board and/or components
· Ineffective cleaning during the bare board fabrication or after
soldering the assembly
· Improper use of no-clean solder flux chemistry
· Ineffective cleaning process