The wave soldering process is made up of several steps; flux application,
preheat, solder wave, and possibly cleaning. All of these steps work
together to form a functional, reliable, and cost effective product.
As with any process, control of process variables will have a direct
affect on the quality of the final product. These variables include:
· Conveyor angle
· Amount of flux deposited
· Solder alloy composition
· Solder wave form, height, stability and speed of flow
· Height and stability of flux head
· Atmosphere
Choosing the Right Flux
There are many types of soldering fluxes. Picking the correct flux
chemistry depends on a number of factors, including:
· The solderability level of the parts to be assembled
· The type of finish or coating used on the assembly
· The flux application method
· The application environment of the completed assembly
Flux Application
The key to fluxing is to deposit an even coverage of flux on the
underside of the board and within plated through- holes, reliably
and consistently.
Spray Flux Process Controls:
· Control flux deposition
· Use air knife to remove excess flux (if fitted)
Foam Flux Process Controls:
· Check specific gravity during use
· Maintain level in foam fluxer
· Change flux periodically
Preheat
Preheat is used to prepare the printed circuit assembly for contact
with the solder wave. Preheaters come in a variety of configurations
including topside and bottom side sections using infrared, quartz,
calrod, and convection technology.
The preheat process:
· Dries the flux
· Heats board and components to increase production speed
· Reduces thermal shock on board and components
Solder Wave
A variety of wave forms are used in wave soldering, including single
and dual wave configurations.
The solder wave:
· Raises the temperature of the areas to be soldered
· Triggers flux activation
· Delivers solder to component leads, terminals, plated through-holes
and pads
Wave Solder Variables:
· Solder wave temperature (for Sn/Pb soldering) is typically 250-260ºC
(480-500ºF).
· The wave height can be controlled by the solder pump speed.
· The wave height should be set at ½ to 2/3 of the thickness of board.
· Ensure the solder nozzle is level and that the solder flows evenly
across its width.
Cleaning
The key to a consistent cleaning process is control of the cleaning
chemistry, and rinse water quality. Periodic assessment of the
assembly’s cleanliness verifies the efficiency of the process.
During the cleaning process you should control the concentration
and temperature of the cleaning chemistry according to product
recommendations. Rinse water is typically heated to 49-60°C
(120-140°F). Using conductivity controlled deionized water in the final
rinse provides best results.