Wave soldering is still preferred for many kinds of assembly operations,
and often complements reflow assembly. Wave soldering is particularly
suited to continuous production. Changes to board sizes and configurations
are readily accommodated. However, operators need to be skilled and
processes optimized to realize the most cost effective wave soldering
production output.
Modern wave solder machines have become very user friendly. They are
used to solder a wide variety of assemblies, including mixed-technology
boards. Full enclosures with microprocessors control inert atmospheres
for improved low-dross soldering.
Wave solder production lines include fluxing, preheating, soldering, and
a conveyor system to transport the circuit assembly through the process.
Cleaning and drying can also be added to the soldering system.
Flux is commonly applied by a spray, foam, or wave process. Fluxes (with
different activity levels) are available in no-clean, water-washable,
and VOC-free varieties. The solder is melted in a solder pot and pumped
to produce a “wave.” The board is conveyed over the flux, preheat,
and solder wave stations to complete the joints. Although Sn63 is the
commonly used alloy for wave soldering, Pb-free alloys are also available.
The molten solder thermodynamics and fluid mechanic characteristics
contribute to the wetting of the metal surfaces, provide through-hole
fill, and form reliable solder joints.