Wednesday, January 23, 2008 by Mario Scalzo [view bio]

soldering in our little SMT world. Gold; soft, warm, glowing, and insanely
expensive right now is incredibly easy to solder to. Gold's natural ability
to prevent the formation of oxidation makes it an ideal solderable surface,
especially when matched with a strong metal such as nickel, but there are
some drawbacks…
The first feature that makes gold so easily solderable is that it does not
oxidize. There is no worry of surface contamination that is the bane of SMT
engineers the world over. Whether soldering to Electroless Nickel / Immersion
Gold (ENIG) or gold cable seals, it should remain solderable for years. Gold
has remained a mainstay of the surface mount technology (SMT) world as the
thin-film layer that keeps nickel solderable. Which is where the second feature
of gold comes to light; that it is readily dissolvable in other metals. From my
quick calculations, standard Tin-Lead eutectic solder dissolves gold at 35
micro inches (35μ") per second at 200°C. For comparison, molten tin dissolves
gold faster, and Tin-Lead solder solders to nickel about 60 times slower.
This is why when soldering to an ENIG circuit board, it is important
to form the strong Tin-Nickel intermetallics with a relatively longer Time
Above Liquidus (TAL) and higher Peak Temperature when reflowing
when compared to copper.
Of course, there are some worries… I believe the biggest worry is the
amount of gold that ends up in the final solder joint. If soldering to
thick-film gold using a tin-based alloy, right around 10% gold in the
final solder joint is where the brittle Gold-Tin intermetallics start to
become a hindrance to reliability. Even worse, the tin may continue
to dissolve the gold, even at room temperature, to form Kirkendall
voids. Using thin-film gold may help in this area. Thin-film or "flash"
of gold is typically 3-5μ". But, I have seen "thin-film" as thick as 15μ",
which based on experience, I still consider a safe level of gold to be
dissolved into the solder joint. On the other side, 50μ" and above is
what I consider thick-film, where tin-based alloys are strictly prohibited.
The gray area in between of 15-50μ" is when I normally recommend
using Accelerated Life Testing (ALT) to determine whether issues will
develop with the stated life-span of the product.
More information may be found at our Online Help: Indium Knowledge
Base or Soldering to Gold Application Note.
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